What are the determinants of rural-urban divide in teachers’ digital teaching competence? Empirical evidence from a large sample

Abstract The digital divide between rural and urban areas is becoming the key factors resulting educational imbalance, which might be exacerbated by differences in teachers’ teaching competence. Therefore, it was crucial to explore determinants of competence teachers. A large-scale survey conducted with 11,784 K–12 teachers China (43.40% from schools 56.60% schools). First, this study investigated potential for competence, including information communication technology (ICT) attitude, ICT skills, data literacy. Second, indicated existed, i.e., literacy, were significantly lower than those Third, Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method demonstrated that literacy skills most important Hence, our research provided insights policymakers, school leaders bridge divide.